Effective Employee Selection and Its Importance Essay

One of the most significant choices comes when choosing a representative to fill a vocation opening. In the present work advertise, exceptionally qualified candidates are scant and, among the existent ones, it is difficult to recognize the perfect up-and-comer. At times it is earnest to such an extent that a position be filled, that an individual may win the activity naturally, or messy choice measures might be applied. A â€Å"quick fix† may ease remaining burden for some time, however it may demonstrate deadly for the business practicality itself over the long haul. In this manner, a bigger consideration in the choice procedure can furnish the business with workers who will at long last produce the ideal outcomes. The examination of the worker determination process is a genuinely new practice. During the 70’s, any efficient endeavor to sift through aptitudes was frequently disliked (Lee, 50). This started to change during the 80’s and into the 90’s, when an expected 80% to 90% of organizations utilized pre-work testing (Brindow and Spencer, 80). As Chris Lee states, â€Å"we are coming back to an attention on singular capability [†¦] target measures are returning both training and employment† (Lee, 49). Another study by analysts Randall, Cooke and Smith built up that 95% of managers who took a stab at testing for screening deals competitors were all the while utilizing it (Randall, 53). All the information shows the tendency of the advanced organizations to exceptionally weight on everything that will amplify the viability of representative determination and, thusly, worker execution. Handling a candidate for work regularly involves a progression of steps, which are controlled by the size of the association, the sorts of occupations to be filled or the quantity of individuals to be recruited. The determination stage ought to be upheld up by a compelling enrollment process, which significantly relies upon work investigation and expected set of responsibilities. Occupation examination is â€Å"a procedure to distinguish and decide in detail the specific employment obligations and prerequisites and the overall significance of these obligations for a given activity. Employment Analysis is where decisions are made about information gathered on a job† (HR †Guide). Its motivation is to set up and report the â€Å"job relatedness† of business methods, for example, enlistment, choice, preparing, pay and execution examination through its item, the expected set of responsibilities. During the choice procedure, the set of working responsibilities is utilized in making an accurateâ advertisement for the activity and draws in the best possible competitors, that is, the people that most presumably will fit for the particular occupation. A reasonable activity see, in view of an exact expected set of responsibilities and determination (the capabilities requested for the activity), will enable candidates to comprehend what the activity involves and settle on increasingly educated choices with regards to whether they need to go after the position or not. As indicated by Gregorio Billicopf of the University of California, â€Å"selected candidates who comprehend both the positive and negative sides of a vocation, are well on the way to remain and succeed†. (Billicopf, 18). After the enlistment procedure has been finished up and the candidates have sent their resumes, the initial step of the choice procedure should occur; screening the resumes. CV’s give essential data to use in the subsequent stage of the determination procedure and are utilized to screen out the inadequate candidates. For example, if the position requires the capacity to utilize a word processor, the resume gives a reasonable picture whether the individual claims this capacity or not. Resume screening is a standard methodology in many associations during the choice procedure, regardless of their size, action or culture. After the resume screen †out, the rest of the candidates will be welcomed for a meeting, which is the most significant advance in the choice procedure. It supplements data acquired in different strides in the process to decide the reasonableness of a candidate for a particular opening. Associations utilize a few sorts of meetings. The organized meeting is led utilizing a foreordained layout that depends on the pre-referenced employment investigation, while unstructured meetings are not founded on any diagram, and utilize open †finished inquiries. The organized meetings ought to be favored over the unstructured ones, as the previous enables the questioner to keep up control of the meeting that all relevant data on the candidate is secured methodicallly by likewise giving a similar sort of data on all interviewees. Then again, unstructured meetings may give a progressively loosened up climate, yet they â€Å"lack of deliberate inclusion of data and are entirely helpless to the individual predispositions of the interviewer† (Byars and Rue, 141). Associations utilize three extra kinds of interviewingâ techniques to a restricted degree; the pressure talk with, which puts the candidate under tension while the questioner receives an antagonistic mentality toward the interviewee so as to distinguish who is profoundly passionate and who isn't, the board or board meet, in which at least two individuals lead a meeting with one candidate, and the gathering meeting in which a few candidates are addressed together. An effective meeting requires preparing in the abilities, methods and prerequisites of fruitful talking. All these will incorporate a viable groundwork for the meeting, for example, planning a period and area for it, audit of all desk work of the candidate and the present position portrayal and determination and making a rundown of inquiries addresses that will help in gathering the data required for the choice. At the point when the candidate shows up, the questioner should help him/her vibe calm by indicating him/her gracious and cordial mentality and let him/her think about the association. During the meeting, the appropriate responses the candidate will give will end up being important wellspring of data. Painstakingly chose open †finished inquiries ought to be posed with the goal that the appropriate responses given will help decide the appropriateness of the candidate to a specific position. Also, this will urge the interviewees to gracefully more inside and out data. Yet at the same time, this ought to follow a particular and predictable blueprint so as to guarantee a uniform strategy for addressing, which will be applied to all candidates. It is additionally critical to permit quietness for intuition and reflection by the candidate, with the goal that he/she gradually uncovers his/her essential abilities, which regularly decide the interviewee’s advantage over the remainder of the candidates and influences the employing choice. A fundamental competency is an information, aptitude or conduct basic for one to work as a powerful individual from the particular association and is a basic piece of the choice measures created and checked on before the inquiries questions are composed (Univ. of Michigan, 38). At last, it is essential to record real responses to inquiries rather than evaluative or definitive remarks. This will limit subjectivity and inclinations, factors that may demonstrate deadly during the recruiting procedure, in light of the fact that the people receiving them will mostâ probably wind up with an inappropriate choice and an unsatisfactory new representative. Despite the fact that the meeting will surely inform a great deal concerning the candidate’s capabilities, the main solid way these capabilities can be estimated are tests. The candidates can be tried previously, during or after the meeting. Tests can be delegated power versus speed tests, just as composed, oral or pragmatic tests. They can gauge information, capacity, abilities, fitness, mentality, genuineness and character (Billikopf, 20). Whatever the sort of the test utilized, nonetheless, the uprightness of test addresses should be watched. Numerous tests have experienced approval and unwavering quality examinations. The kind of test to be utilized during the choice procedure relies upon the size of the association, its movement just as the idea of the position that will be filled. Fitness tests measure a person’s limit or potential capacity to learn and play out a vocation. A portion of the more every now and again utilized tests measure verbal capacity, numerical capacity, and perceptual speed, spatial and thinking capacity. Psychomotor tests measure a person’s quality, mastery and coordination. Employment information tests measure the activity related information controlled by an occupation candidate. Capability tests measure how well the candidate can do an example of the work to be performed. The last ones are the most as often as possible utilized by bosses around the world, in a wide range of associations. Different sorts of tests are intrigue tests, which are intended to decide how a person’s interests contrast and the interests of effective individuals in a particular activity, character tests which endeavor to gauge character characteristics, polygraph tests with the utilization of the polygraph, a gadget that records physical changes in a person’s body as the person addresses questions, and physical assessments (medication and AIDS testing or even hereditary testing). The last ones are ordinarily required uniquely for the person who is at long last extended to the employment opportunity, and the bid for employment is frequently dependent upon the individual finishing the physical assessment. â€Å"The test is given to decide not just whether the candidate is genuinely equipped for playing out the activity yet additionally their qualification for bunch life, wellbeing and handicap insurance† (Byars, 143). Due to the cost, physical assessments are normally one of the last strides in the determination procedure. The last advance in the determination procedure is picking one individual for the activity. There are typically more than one qualified people, yet on the off chance that the past strides in the choice procedure have been performed appropriately, the odds that a worth judgment dependent on all the data assembled will be fruitful improve significantly. Since individuals now and again misrepresent their accreditations and foundations, however, it is critical to check references. Also, peopl

Benjamin and William Franklin and the American Revolution free essay sample

The occasions paving the way to the American Revolution can be followed back and identified with certain episodes that many may have saw as negligible or inconsequential when contrasted in size with something as gigantic as an upset. In any case, these unimportant false impressions and minor clashes between the motherland, England and its American provinces, were the seedlings that were planted in the dirts of the American Revolution that would become exposed later on for both, for better or in negative ways. , William Franklin, just as my dad Benjamin Franklin saw the roots f the upset spread all through the provinces before the last turn of events. Nonetheless, we came to understand that we not, at this point had similar perspectives and intrigue, and we in the long run took on inverse sides of the upset. In any case, we both saw similar minutes where the lines were drawn on the two sides. The upheaval didn't occur incidentally but instead was brought about by long periods of missed trade offs, missed compromises. Abuse, and distortion as well.All of these were the pinions and apparatuses in the machine that was the main thrust of the slow lilied of strain between motherland and the states, which would at last reason England and the American provinces to do battle. For my describe I would need to begin as far back with regards to when I was named to be the legislative leader of New Jersey in 1762. With this arrangement from the Crown as representative, myself and my dad the same both trusted it was the Crown that was best supporter of provincial freedom just as the defender of those freedoms, and privileges of Englishmen.However, my arrangement was Ill coordinated for me, for the explanation that The Board of Trade had Just executed greater expert In North America with the Navigation Acts, which implied that American brokers could no longer dodge the exchange laws they had been as of late acquainted with bypassing. Furthermore England additionally wished to raise assets for the British military which implied that duties were shooting through the rooftop during war years and left the states In after war discouragement. This episode didn't prompt a lot of disturbance and was before long taken a gander at as a bit of hindsight to both England and the American colonies.However comparable events were seen soon after with the Sugar Act, which was to bring charges Up in the states, a nd bring ewe exchange limitations. Most pilgrim pioneers didn't bolster this at all in light of the fact that their economies were at that point in a terrible state and this lone exacerbated the situation for them. They accepted that it was infringing upon customary English privileges of subjects to burden themselves. Tax assessment would be an issue seen very regularly in the settlements, for example, In the Stamp Act, Townsend Acts, which again caused homesteader to feel that their freedom was Ignored.Additionally, threatening vibe had started to boll In America so much that some stamp merchants were leaving their positions. I myself found that the issue ought to eave lain with Parliament and the service for forcing something they ought to have known would not be invited In the provinces since It was counterproductive. Despite the fact that a portion of the demonstrations that were Implemented were canceled it left some concern In the psyches of the individuals of the states as well as the pioneers also. The 1 OFF portrayal in. They were starting to feel vulnerable in being continually neglected in the implementation too and all the more significantly in the formation of acts.Additionally another indication of a melancholy future to the pilgrim was that there was a standing armed force in a peri od of harmony in the states. This could be viewed as a method of making an inconspicuous oppression and one impact of this was on March 5, 1770 in the Boston Massacre. This was one of the causes which lead the American Assemblies to work to restrict the authority of Parliament and the King also. In any case, soon after in a dissent to tax assessment additionally emerged in the Boston Tea Party, which indicated that division among England and the settlements was beginning to show itself.At the time my dad was in London attempting to exercise issues separating England and the states yet with the sinking of the tea, sank the arrangement also. Despite the fact that the various Acts, Taxes, ND troops were bits of what was to come, there were matters that were more straightforward and caused more straightforward activities. I had the option to see the degree to which my kindred pilgrim pioneers were taking an ambush on power which I felt would cause turmoil if not dealt with. My get together and others like it were lo sing their capacity to the service and Parliament back in England. All the more along these lines, I was starting to find that I couldn't serve and please both King and Colony. I needed to authorize arrangements I had no turn in making yet it was difficult to pick up consistence with the gatherings. Congregations were beginning to improve more force and were getting progressively careful about a dread that the service and Parliament had mystery thought processes of removing the rights and freedoms of the settlements. I didn't accept that was the intentions of England however I despite everything felt that the provinces and the homeland could come to arrange the issues at hand.However, my convictions were being dominated by the ascent of the gatherings and advisory groups emitting all through which made trade off and compromise progressively troublesome as observed with the Boston Port Act, due to the absence of eagerness to bargain appeared by the get together in the settlements. I trust perhaps the greatest hit that hinted at the American Revolutio n was, the Coercive Acts, which just was a rebuilding of Massachusetts government and made military law in the state. After this I was starting to see rebellion in America. Courts were stopping to capacities, independent system of boards replaced prohibited town gatherings, and even my kindred administrator companions didn't show me a similar treatment as in the past. Expert in American was done getting from the King yet the individuals were making it. I felt the Continental Congress didn't represent the lion's share and was decreasing our odds for placation with their activities. Some may state that I turned into a Loyalist during 1774 with my help of the service and my help for England against America.

How Will The New Tax Law Affect You

How Will The New Tax Law Affect You How Will The New Tax Law Affect You? How Will The New Tax Law Affect You?While youre getting your taxes filed for this year, it wouldnt hurt to look ahead to 2019 and how the new tax law will affect your finances.Have you done your taxes yet? No? Well, you should, um, get on that. The sooner you file your taxes, the sooner you’ll get your refund!In the meantime, it’s never too early to start thinking about next year’s taxes. Especially because there are some pretty big changes in the tax code that you’ll have to take into account when you’re filing this time next year.We kept you posted during the tax bill negotiations, but what’s the score now that it’s all shaken out?We talked to some experts to bring you the info you need about this new tax landscape.Who wins, who loses?This always seems to be the way that coverage of the tax law is framed. In terms of “winners and losers.” And it makes sense. In a world without unlimited resources, a change in how we allocate those resources is going to result in s ome people doing better and other people doing worse.As far as who does better and who does worse under this law, it seems pretty clear overall:“Unfortunately, the benefits of these tax cuts are not distributed evenly,” Mario Costanz, CEO of Happy Tax Service (@happytaxservice), told us. “According to the Tax Policy Center, people making between $307,900 and $732,800 will see a 4.1 percent increase in their take-home pay after the new law goes into effect. However, people making between $48,600 and $86,100 would only see a 1.6 percent boost. So, wealthier households are benefiting more from the Trump tax cuts than low-income familiesâ€"at least in the short term. Most of the tax cuts in the 2018 bill are set to expire by 2027, soâ€"if the cuts are not renewedâ€"most of us will see our taxes go back up.”And while most people may see at least a temporary tax cut, that overall decrease in government revenue could mean the rolling back of services that many middle and lower clas s individuals and families rely on.But that’s in the future, and we’re not in the business of predicting the future. (We used to be, but our magic eight ball rolled under the couch and we are very, very lazy.) Now that we’ve gotten a sense of the overall impact, let’s get to how this will affect you personally.A couple of expanded deductionsWe’re going to go out on a limb here and assume that you aren’t fabulously wealthy. Why? Because this is a blog about personal finance, not yacht upkeep or butler rodeos. And if you’re not in one of the upper-income brackets, then that odds are good that you don’t have a fancy accountant advising you how to minimize your tax burden.But if you are indeed on the lower to middle end of the spectrum, then there is at least one aspect of this tax-code shake-up of the tax code could work in your favor. We’ll let financial planner Jason Newcomer explain:“One impact that should help lower-income for families is the greater standard de duction. In 2017, a married couple filing a joint return could deduct $12,700 from their taxable income. In 2018, that number is $24,000. A married couple filing a joint return with children will likely be able to deduct less this year due to the loss of personal exemptions. However, the child tax credit has been expanded, and the net impact will likely be a reduced tax burden for this family.”Of course, you might have noticed a “loss” in there. And the loss of the personal exemptions aren’t the only deductions that are going away.And a lot of deductions are  goneFor many families, the larger standard deduction might actually mean a smaller tax bill overall. But given how many deductions are on the way out, that’s far from a guarantee.CPA and best-selling author Micah Fraim (@MFraim89) outlined many of the vanishing exemptions in a recent blog post on his site. Some of the highlights (or should we say lowlights) include:“Elimination of moving expenses. If you moved for w ork, those expenses used to be tax deductible. And they were especially advantageous because they were ‘above the line’ deductions that reduced your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) and did not require you to itemize in order to take advantage of them. This deduction has been eliminated unless you are a member of the military.”“Reduction in the state and local tax (SALT) deduction. Taxes paid to state and local governments (real estate, income tax, personal property tax, etc.) used to be completely tax deductible. This deduction has now been capped at $10,000 total. For some people this will not make much of a difference, but in states with high state income or high property taxes this will be especially painful.”“Unreimbursed employee expenses. If you were an employee and had a large amount of unreimbursed business expenses, you could deduct those costs. This was especially helpful for people in sales positions or ones that required a lot of travel/mileage.”You can check o ut Fraim’s post for a complete listing, but he also reached out to us with one example that could definitely affect you if you had a marriage that didn’t end so well:“If you get divorced and have to pay alimony, there has always been one upside: You get to deduct those payments from your taxes. For now at least. Under the new tax code, this deduction has been eliminated for anyone getting divorced after December 31, 2018. Having to not only make these payments, but then to pay tax as though you have the money will make them even harder to swallow. Expect to see divorce settlements become even more contentious with some couples racing to wrap up their divorce before 2019.”So, um, if you’re in a crumbling marriage … maybe pull the plug now instead of later? Wow, this got dark.Why’d you have to go and make things so complicated?Hopefully, this is a good start, but you may still want to do more research based on your own needs. Maybe even talk to a financial planner or acc ountant if you can afford one.Despite the claims of “simplification,” this new tax law is anything but. As Fraim puts it in his blog: “Clocking in at approximately 1,100 pages long, and with more twists and turns than a cornfield maze, it is most definitely not simple.”Thankfully, you still have a whole year to figure out exactly how the law will affect you. And if you’re someone who always procrastinates on their taxes, then we strongly suggest you make next year’s returns an exception.To learn more about taking control of your finances in 2018, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Save $2,018 in 2018Start Your New Year Out Right: Get a Credit Check!Should You Invest in Bitcoin?From Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneyHow to Fix Your Bad Credit in 2018Will you see a bigger or smaller refund under the new tax law? We  want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsMario Costanz  is th e CEO of  Happy Tax  (@happytaxservice).  As a longtime avid blockchain and cryptocurrency enthusiast, Mario Costanz saw a need for quality tax preparation in the crypto trading community and launched CryptoTaxPrep.com  as a division of Happy Tax.  CryptoTaxPrep.com  has positioned itself as the industry leader in cryptocurrency tax preparation.Micah Fraim, CPA  (@MFraim89)    owns an award-winning accounting practice, has an Amazon bestselling book, and experience as a business analyst in the marketing department of a Fortune 500 company. As such, he brings a broader perspective than most any other accountant. For years hes helped my clients find money that others have missed and helped them make maneuvers others had not thought of. Hes been featured on Forbes, MarketWatch, Time and you can learn more about his work at  FraimCPA.com.Jason Newcomer  graduated from Missouri State University with a Bachelor of Science in Finance in 2010. He began working at Barber Financial Group in   2010,  and was promoted to Advisor in 2012. Jason works to build his clients’ confidence and to help them to understand they can have the retirement they have always envisioned. His mission is to help as many people as he can to realize their financial goals. Jason is an Accredited Investment Fiduciary (AIF ®), a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER (CFP ®).

The Ron Clark Story . Summer 2016, A Time Where I Was At

The Ron Clark Story Summer 2016, a time where I was at my worst and in a hard place. I was in a terrible motorcycle accident that left me injured and feeling like I’d lost hope. This was the summer before I began my first semester in the blocks program. I was constantly debating on if I wanted to start the semester or if I should take a semester off to heal. It wasn’t until one evening my mom came home and was talking about this amazing seminar she went to that afternoon. Her first statement was on how inspirational the speaker was. She shared with me the story about a man who went into a Harlem school and completely changed the lives of a group of students who everyone had given up on. The guest speakers name was Ron Clark. The story†¦show more content†¦Clark wasn’t afraid of a challenge and demanded to be put within this classroom. Before starting his first day in the classroom Clark went to all of the homes of his students to introduce himself to the parents and to get a feel of where his students were coming from. When he went to one of the homes of a female student within his class named Shamika, he saw that she was home alone taking care of her three siblings. She cooked, cleaned, and made sure her siblings were cared for. This student in the film reminded me a lot of one of my students in my Tuesday field. She has multiple siblings and her mother requires her to help take care of them. Shamika is one of the main students within his class that he has a lot of trouble with in the beginning but creates a strong relationship with in the end. The process that Mr. Clark goes through to get his students in his class to respect him as a teacher was tough. His students just saw him as another teacher who was going to give up and leave them. Clark set out to make sure that he didn’t leave he wanted to form a bond with his students. He set rules for the class but they quickly saw all of the rules as one giant joke. It wasn†™t until one day that Clark couldn’t take the fact that his students didn’t see him as a teacher figure and he just walked out of the class for the day. The students then saw that he gave up on them like the rest of the teachers. But the next day Clark was back inShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesfitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products andRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagestogether with important subsidiary foci (where appropriate). I n general, the sequence of cases is intended to mirror the chapter sequence. However, this should not be taken too literally because, of course, many of these cases cover a variety of issues. The ‘classiï ¬ cation’ provided is therefore guidance only. We expect readers to seek their own lessons from cases, and tutors to use cases in whichever way and sequence best ï ¬ ts the purpose of their programmes. Where cases have been chosen to illustrateRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesand Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Instructor’s Manual Ryanair: The Low Fares Airline–Future Destinations? Will We Still Love IKEA? CRH plc: Successful Corporate-level Strategy in a Challenging Environment SABMiller Marks Spencer: Where Next for the Icon of British Retailing? Tesco: from Domestic Operator to Multinational Giant Ekomate Systems and the Indian Software Industry: Leveraging Network Relationships for International Growth Sustaining the Magic at Bang Olufsen Cordys:

Summary Of Hester s The Scarlet Red Letter - 955 Words

This story begins in 17th century Boston. Hester Prynne the main character in this story is led out of prison carrying a baby in her arms. The child’s name is Pearl. Hester had a scarlet red letter â€Å"A† on her chest. This â€Å"A† means â€Å"able† or â€Å"adulteress†. She is then led to a platform for public shame. While she is up there she sees her long lost husband Roger Chillingworth in the crowd. Chillingworth recognizes her and acts like he doesn’t know Hester; he then learns her crime from a man in the crowd. Hester while waiting for Chillingworth to come to the New World, she committed adultery resulting in her having a baby and the scarlet â€Å"A† on her chest. Chillingworth poses as a doctor so that he can get inside the prison to talk to†¦show more content†¦Hester is obviously shocked at this; she then looks over and sees Chillingworth smiling at her. Chillingworth will do just about anything to keep Hester unhappy; he indulges himself in making Hester and Dimmesdale mentally and emotionally suffer for what they have done. After Dimmesdale’s speech he walks over to Hester and Pearl who were standing next to the scaffold of the pillory. Dimmesdale then stretches forth his hand and calls Hester and Pearl to come over to him. Pearl immediately comes to him and hugs at his knees. That instant, Chillingworth throws himself through the crowd and grabs hold of Dimmesdale’s arm. Dimmesdale then says that Chillingworth is too late and that he shall escape Chillingworth’s power over him. Dimmesdale calls Hester to come to him; the crowd was in an uproar at this scene. He then tells the crowd that he stands on the spot where he should have stood several years ago with Hester at the time she was shamed. He tears off his shirt and reveals a scarlet letter on his chest! Dimmesdale then kneels down as he felt death come upon him. He asks Pearl to kiss him, and so she does. The s pell was now broken and Dimmesdale dies. Hester and Pearl leave Boston not long after this event. Soon after Chillingworth dies and leaves a large amount of wealth for Pearl; she becomes the richest heiress of her day in the New World. Hester then returns to Boston to live the rest of her days in her old cottage. Hester dies severalShow MoreRelatedReview Of Upon Returning From The Forest 1577 Words   |  7 PagesUpon returning from the forest, everything appears different to DImmesdale. Hester saddened and Pearl celebrating his departure, Dimmesdale encounters various people on his way back to his studies. Firstly, he encounters a church elder, whom Dimmesdale, â€Å"by the most careful self-control...could refrain from uttering certain blasphemous suggestions that rose into his mind, respecting the communion-supper.† (149) Second, Dimmesdale met an elderly widow, â€Å"poor...lonely, and with a heart as full of reminiscencesRead MoreIs The Scarlet Letter A Feminist Nove l?1659 Words   |  7 PagesIs The Scarlet Letter a Feminist Novel? Women all have something in common: they have all encountered a form of gender-based discrimination. Some women in countries have experienced harsher segregations than others. For instance, women in Pakistan have experienced severe discrimination a prohibition of education. One woman who is well known for being an activist for the education of women is Malala Yousafzai. Malala is a woman who has inspired many oppressed others to fight for their education.Read MoreSummary : The Rose Bush 3603 Words   |  15 Pagesthe moral of the story if they reader can pick it up or as something to look back to because of the darkness and sadness of this story. Chapter 2 Quotes â€Å"On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold-thread, appeared the letter A. It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy.† â€Å"The young woman was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance, on a large scale. She had dark and abundantRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesas description, dialogue and action. Other incidents will be given relatively less emphasis through deliberate subordination. In the latter case, the author may shorten the dramatic elements of the scene or eliminate them altogether in favour of summary – in favour of telling, rather than showing. All these episodes, major or minor, need to advance the plot in precisely the same way or at the same pace, although the reader does have the right to expect that each will contribute in some way to a completed

Logical and Physical Data Models Free Essays

The Physical Data Model (PDM) describes how the information represented in the Logical Data Model is actually implemented, how the information-exchange requirements are implemented, and how the data entities and their relationships are maintained. There should be a mapping from a given Logical Data Model to the Physical Data Model if both models are used. The form of the Physical Data Model can vary greatly, as shown in Figure 31. We will write a custom essay sample on Logical and Physical Data Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now For some purposes, an additional entity-relationship style diagram will be sufficient. The Data Definition Language (DDL) may also be used. References to message format standards (which identify message types and options to be used) may suffice for message-oriented implementations. (Getting information from the LDM in form of file) Descriptions of file formats may be used when file passing is the mode used to exchange information. Interoperating systems may use a variety of techniques to exchange data, and thus have several distinct partitions in their Physical Data Model with each partition using a different form. The figure illustrates some options for expressing the Physical Data Model and an other table (in the original document) provides a listing of the types of information to be captured. A physical data model (or database design) is a representation of a data design which takes into account the facilities and constraints of a given database management system. In the lifecycle of a project it typically derives from a logical data model, though it may be reverse-engineered from a given database implementation. A complete physical data model will include all the database artifacts required to create relationships between tables or to achieve performance goals, such as indexes, constraint definitions, linking tables, partitioned tables or clusters. Analysts can usually use a physical data model to calculate storage estimates; it may include specific storage allocation details for a given database system. As of 2012 seven main databases dominate the commercial marketplace: Informix, Oracle, Postgres, SQL Server, Sybase, DB2 and MySQL. Other RDBMS systems tend either to be legacy databases or used within academia such as universities or further education colleges. Physical data models for each implementation would differ significantly, not least due to underlying operating-system requirements that may sit underneath them. For example: SQL Server runs only on Microsoft Windows operating-systems, while Oracle and MySQL can run on Solaris, Linux and other UNIX-based operating-systems as well as on Windows. This means that the disk requirements, security requirements and many other aspects of a physical data model will be influenced by the RDBMS that a database administrator (or an organization) chooses to use. Overview Logical data models represent the abstract structure of a domain of information. They are often diagrammatic in nature and are most typically used in business processes that seek to capture things of importance to an organization and how they relate to one another. Once validated and approved, the logical data model can become the basis of a physical data model and inform the design of a database. Logical data models should be based on the structures identified in a preceding conceptual data model, since this describes the semantics of the information context, which the logical model should also reflect. Even so, since the logical data model anticipates implementation on a specific computing system, the content of the logical data model is adjusted to achieve certain efficiencies. The term ‘Logical Data Model’ is sometimes used as a synonym of ‘Domain Model’ or as an alternative to the domain model. While the two concepts are closely related, and have overlapping goals, a domain model is more focused on capturing the concepts in the problem domain rather than the structure of the data associated with that domain. History The ANSI/SPARC three level architecture, which â€Å"shows that a data model can be an external model (or view), a conceptual model, or a physical model. This is not the only way to look at data models, but it is a useful way, particularly when comparing models†. [1] When ANSI first laid out the idea of a logical schema in 1975,[2] the choices were hierarchical and network. The relational model – where data is described in terms of tables and columns – had just been recognized as a data organization theory but no software existed to support that approach. Since that time, an object-oriented approach to data modelling – where data is described in terms of classes, attributes, and associations – has also been introduced. Logical data model topics Reasons for building a logical data model * Helps common understanding of business data elements and requirements * Provides foundation for designing a database Facilitates avoidance of data redundancy and thus prevent data business transaction inconsistency * Facilitates data re-use and sharing * Decreases development and maintenance time and cost * Confirms a logical process model and helps impact analysis. Modeling benefits * Facilitates business process improvement * Focuses on requirements independent of technology * Facilitates data re-use and sharing * Increases return on inves tment * Centralizes metadata * Fosters seamless communication between applications * Focuses communication for data analysis and project team members * Establishes a consistent naming scheme Logical Physical Data Model A logical data model is sometimes incorrectly called a physical data model, which is not what the ANSI people had in mind. The physical design of a database involves deep use of particular database management technology. For example, a table/column design could be implemented on a collection of computers, located in different parts of the world. That is the domain of the physical model. Logical and physical data models are very different in their objectives, goals and content. Key differences noted below. Logical Data Model| Physical Data Model| Includes entities (tables), attributes (columns/fields) and relationships (keys)| Includes tables, columns, keys, data types, validation rules, database triggers, stored procedures, domains, and access constraints| Uses business names for entities attributes| Uses more defined and less generic specific names for tables and columns, such as abbreviated column names, limited by the database management system (DBMS) and any company defined standards| Is independent of technology (platform, DBMS)| Includes primary keys and indices for fast data access. Is normalized to fourth normal form(4NF)| May be de-normalized to meet performance requirements based on the nature of the database. If the nature of the database is Online Transaction Processing(OLTP) or Operational Data Store (ODS) it is usually not de-normalized. De-normalization is common in Datawarehouses. | A logical data model describes the data in as much detail as possible, without regard to how they will be physical implemented in the database. Features of a logical data model include: * Includes all entities and relationships among them. All attributes for each entity are specified. * The primary key for each entity is specified. * Foreign keys (keys identifying the relationship between different entities) are specified. * Normalization occurs at this level. The steps for designing the logical data model are as follows: 1. Specify primary keys for all entities. 2. Find the relationships between different entities. 3. Find all attributes for each entity. 4. Resolve many-to-many relationships. 5. Normalization. The figure below is an example of a logical data model. Logical Data Model Comparing the logical data model shown above with the conceptual data model diagram, we see the main differences between the two: * In a logical data model, primary keys are present, whereas in a conceptual data model, no primary key is present. * In a logical data model, all attributes are specified within an entity. No attributes are specified in a conceptual data model. * Relationships between entities are specified using primary keys and foreign keys in a logical data model. In a conceptual data model, the relationships are simply stated, not specified, so we simply know that two entities are related, but we do not specify what attributes are used for this relationship. Logical Model Design Physical Model Design Figure 5. A logical data model (Information Engineering notation). You also need to identify the cardinality and optionality of a relationship (the UML combines the concepts of optionality and cardinality into the single concept of multiplicity). Cardinality represents the concept of â€Å"how many† whereas optionality represents the concept of â€Å"whether you must have something. For example, it is not enough to know that customers place orders. How many orders can a customer place? None, one, or several? Furthermore, relationships are two-way streets: not only do customers place orders, but orders are placed by customers. This leads to questions like: how many customers can be enrolled in any given order and is it possible to have an order with no customer involved? Figure 5 shows that customers place zero or more orders and that any given order is placed by one customer and one customer only. It also shows that a customer lives at one or more addresses and that any given address has zero or more customers living at it. Although the UML distinguishes between different types of relationships – associations, inheritance, aggregation, composition, and dependency – data modelers often aren’t as concerned with this issue as much as object modelers are. Subtyping, one application of inheritance, is often found in data models, an example of which is the is a relationship between Item and it’s two â€Å"sub entities† Service and Product. Aggregation and composition are much less common and typically must be implied from the data model, as you see with the part of role that Line Item takes with Order. UML dependencies are typically a software construct and therefore wouldn’t appear on a data model, unless of course it was a very highly detailed physical model that showed how views, triggers, or stored procedures depended on Logical Data Models (LDMs) represent data table (Entity Type) relationships. Logical Data Model Notations Entity Type Entity Type refers to a group of related data placed in an RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems) table. An entity is an instance of an entity type represented as a single row in a data table. Relationships and Multiplicity Relationships illustrate how two entity types are related. Cardinality specifies how many instances of an entity relate to one instance of another entity. Physical data model represents how the model will be built in the database. A physical database model shows all table structures, including column name, column data type, column constraints, primary key, foreign key, and relationships between tables. Features of a physical data model include: * Specification all tables and columns. Foreign keys are used to identify relationships between tables. * Denormalization may occur based on user requirements. * Physical considerations may cause the physical data model to be quite different from the logical data model. * Physical data model will be different for different RDBMS. For example, data type for a column may be different between MySQL and SQL Server. Steps For Physi cal Data Model * Convert entities into tables. * Convert relationships into foreign keys. * Convert attributes into columns. * Modify the physical data model based on physical constraints / requirements. Physical v/s logical Entity names are now table names. * Attributes are now column names. * Data type for each column is specified. Data types can be different depending on the actual database being used. Data modeling is the act of exploring data-oriented structures. Like other modeling artifacts data models can be used for a variety of purposes, from high-level conceptual models to physical data models (PDMs). Physical data modeling is conceptually similar to design class modeling, the goal being to design the internal schema of a database, depicting the data tables, the data columns of those tables, and the relationships between the tables.      | presents a partial PDM for the university – you know that it isn’t complete by the fact that the Seminar table inclu des foreign keys to tables that aren’t shown, and quite frankly it’s obvious that many domain concepts such as course and professor are clearly not modeled. All but one of the boxes represent tables, the one exception is UniversityDB which lists the stored procedures implemented within the database. Because the diagram is given the stereotype Physical Data Model you know that the class boxes represent tables, without the diagram stereotype I would have needed to use the stereotype Table on each table. Relationships between tables are modeled using standard UML notation, although not shown in the example it would be reasonable to model composition and inheritance relationships between tables. Relationships are implemented via the use of keys (more on this below). Figure 1. A partial PDM for the university. When you are physical data modeling the following tasks are performed in an iterative manner: * Identify tables. Tables are the database equivalent of classes; data is stored in physical tables. As you can see in Figure 1 the university has a Student table to store student data, a Course table to store course data, and so on. Figure 1 uses a UML-based notation (this is a publicly defined profile which anyone can provide input into). If you have a class model in place a good start is to do a one-to-one mapping of your classes to data tables, an approach that works well in â€Å"greenfield† environments where you have the luxury of designing your database schema from scratch. Because this rarely happens in practice you need to be prepared to be constrained by one or more legacy database schemas which you will then need to map your classes to. In these situations it is unlikely that you will need to do much data modeling, you will simply need to learn to live with the existing data sources, but you will need to be able to read and understand existing models. In some cases you may need to perform legacy data analysis and model the existing schema before you can start working with it. * Normalize tables. Data normalization is a process in which data attributes within a data model are organized to increase the cohesion of tables and to reduce the coupling between tables. The fundamental goal is to ensure that data is stored in one and only one place. This is an important consideration for application developers because it is incredibly difficult to stores objects in a relational database if a data attribute is stored in several places. The tables in Figure 1 are in third normal form (3NF). * Identify columns. A column is the database equivalent of an attribute, and each table will have one or more columns. For example, the Student table has attributes such as FirstName and StudentNumber. Unlike attributes in classes, which can either be primitive types or other objects, a column may only be a primitive type such as a char (a string), an int (integer), or a float. Identify stored procedures. A stored procedure is conceptually similar to a global method implemented by the database. In Figure 1 you see that stored procedures such as averageMark() and studentsEnrolled() are modeled as operations of the class UniversityDB. These stored procedures implement code that work with data stored in the database, in this case they calculate th e average mark of a student and count the number of students enrolled in a given seminar respectively. Although some of these stored procedures clearly act on data contained in a single table they are not modeled as part of the table (along the lines of methods being part of classes). Instead, because stored procedures are a part of the overall database and not a single table, they are modeled as part of a class with the name of the database. * Apply naming conventions. Your organization should have standards and guidelines applicable to data modeling, and if not you should lobby to have some put in place. As always, you should follow AM’s practice of Apply Modeling Standards. * Identify relationships. There are relationships between tables just like there are relationships between classes. The advice presented relationships in UML class diagrams applies. * Apply data model patterns. Some data modelers will apply common data model patterns, David Hay’s (1996) book Data Model Patterns is the best reference on the subject. Data model patterns are conceptually closest to analysis patterns because they describe solutions to common domain issues. Hay’s book is a very good reference for anyone involved in analysis-level modeling, even when you’re taking an object approach instead of a data approach because his patterns model business structures from a wide variety of business domains. * Assign keys. A key is one or more data attributes that uniquely identify a row in a table. A key that is two or more attributes is called a composite key. A primary key is the preferred key for an entity type whereas an alternate key (also known as a secondary key) is an alternative way to access rows within a table. In a physical database a key would be formed of one or more table columns whose value(s) uniquely identifies a row within a relational table. Primary keys are indicated using the stereotype and foreign keys via . Read here for more about keys. Although similar notation is used it is interesting to note the differences between the PDM of Figure 21 and the UML class diagram from which is ti based: 1. Keys. Where it is common practice to not model scaffolding properties on class models it is common to model keys (the data equivalent of scaffolding). 2. Visibility. Visibility isn’t modeled for columns because they’re all public. However, because most databases support access control rights you may want to model them using UML constraints, UML notes, or as business rules. Similarly stored procedures are also public so they aren’t modeled either. 3. No many-to-many associations. Relational databases are unable to natively support many-to-many associations, unlike objects, and as a result you need to resolve them via the addition of an associative table. The closest thing to an associative table in is WaitList which was introduced to resolve the on waiting list many-to-many association depicted in the class diagram. A pure associative table is comprised of the primary key columns of the two tables which it maintains the relationship between, in this case StudentNumber from Student and SeminarOID from Seminar. Notice how in WaitList these columns have both a PK and an FK stereotype because they make up the primary key of WaitList while at the same time are foreign keys to the other two tables. WaitList isn’t truly an associative table because it contains non-key columns, in this case the Added column which is used to ensure that the first people on the waiting list are the ones that are given the opportunity to enroll if a seat becomes available. Had WaitList been a pure associative table I would have applied the associative table stereotype to it. Logical Versus Physical Database Modeling * March 14, 2001 * By Developer. com Staff * Bio  » * Send Email  » * More Articles  » After all business requirements have been gathered for a proposed database, they must be modeled. Models are created to visually represent the proposed database so that business requirements can easily be associated with database objects to ensure that all requirements have been completely and accurately gathered. Different types of diagrams are typically produced to illustrate the business processes, rules, entities, and organizational units that have been identified. These diagrams often include entity relationship diagrams, process flow diagrams, and server model diagrams. An entity relationship diagram (ERD) represents the entities, or groups of information, and their relationships maintained for a business. Process flow diagrams represent business processes and the flow of data between different processes and entities that have been defined. Server model diagrams represent a detailed picture of the database as being transformed from the business model into a relational database with tables, columns, and constraints. Basically, data modeling serves as a link between business needs and system requirements. Two types of data modeling are as follows: * Logical modeling * Physical modeling If you are going to be working with databases, then it is important to understand the difference between logical and physical modeling, and how they relate to one another. Logical and physical modeling are described in more detail in the following subsections. * Post a comment * Email Article * Print Article * Share Articles Logical Modeling Logical modeling deals with gathering business requirements and converting those requirements into a model. The logical model revolves around the needs of the business, not the database, although the needs of the business are used to establish the needs of the database. Logical modeling involves gathering information about business processes, business entities (categories of data), and organizational units. After this information is gathered, diagrams and reports are produced including entity relationship diagrams, business process diagrams, and eventually process flow diagrams. The diagrams produced should show the processes and data that exists, as well as the relationships between business processes and data. Logical modeling should accurately render a visual representation of the activities and data relevant to a particular business. Note| Logical modeling affects not only the direction of database design, but also indirectly affects the performance and administration of an implemented database. When time is invested performing logical modeling, more options become available for planning the design of the physical database. | The diagrams and documentation generated during logical modeling is used to determine whether the requirements of the business have been completely gathered. Management, developers, and end users alike review these diagrams and documentation to determine if more work is required before physical modeling commences. Typical deliverables of logical modeling include * Entity relationship diagrams An Entity Relationship Diagram is also referred to as an analysis ERD. The point of the initial ERD is to provide the development team with a picture of the different categories of data for the business, as well as how these categories of data are related to one another. * Business process diagrams The process model illustrates all the parent and child processes that are performed by individuals within a company. The process model gives the development team an idea of how data moves within the organization. Because process models illustrate the activities of individuals in the company, the process model can be used to determine how a database application interface is design. * User feedback documentation Physical Modeling Physical modeling involves the actual design of a database according to the requirements that were established during logical modeling. Logical modeling mainly involves gathering the requirements of the business, with the latter part of logical modeling directed toward the goals and requirements of the database. Physical modeling deals with the conversion of the logical, or business model, into a relational database model. When physical modeling occurs, objects are being defined at the schema level. A schema is a group of related objects in a database. A database design effort is normally associated with one schema. During physical modeling, objects such as tables and columns are created based on entities and attributes that were defined during logical modeling. Constraints are also defined, including primary keys, foreign keys, other unique keys, and check constraints. Views can be created from database tables to summarize data or to simply provide the user with another perspective of certain data. Other objects such as indexes and snapshots can also be defined during physical modeling. Physical modeling is when all the pieces come together to complete the process of defining a database for a business. Physical modeling is database software specific, meaning that the objects defined during physical modeling can vary depending on the relational database software being used. For example, most relational database systems have variations with the way data types are represented and the way data is stored, although basic data types are conceptually the same among different implementations. Additionally, some database systems have objects that are not available in other database systems. Implementation of the Physical Model| The implementation of the physical model is dependent on the hardware and software being used by the company. The hardware can determine what type of software can be used because software is normally developed according to common hardware and operating system platforms. Some database software might only be available for Windows NT systems, whereas other software products such as Oracle are available on a wider range of operating system platforms, such as UNIX. The available hardware is also important during the implementation of the physical model because data is physically distributed onto one or more physical disk drives. Normally, the more physical drives available, the better the performance of the database after the implementation. Some software products now are Java-based and can run on virtually any platform. Typically, the decisions to use particular hardware, operating system platforms, and database software are made in conjunction with one another. | A logical data model describes your model entities and how they relate to each other. A physical data model describes each entity in detail, including information about how you would implement the model using a particular (database) product. In a logical model describing a person in a family tree, each person node would have attributes such as name(s), date of birth, place of birth, etc. The logical diagram would also show some kind of unique attribute or combination of attributes called a primary key that describes exactly one entry (a row in SQL) within this entity. The physical model for the person would contain implementation details. These details are things like data types, indexes, constraints, etc. The logical and physical model serve two different, but related purposes. A logical model is a way to draw your mental roadmap from a problem specification to an entity-based storage system. The user (problem owner) must understand and approve the logical model. A physical model is the roadmap from the logical model to the hardware. The developer (software owner) must understand and use the physical model. ERD Consider a hospital: Patients are treated in a single ward by the doctors assigned to them. Usually each patient will be assigned a single doctor, but in rare cases they will have two. Heathcare assistants also attend to the patients, a number of these are associated with each ward. Initially the system will be concerned solely with drug treatment. Each patient is required to take a variety of drugs a certain number of times per day and for varying lengths of time. The system must record details concerning patient treatment and staff payment. Some staff are paid part time and doctors and care assistants work varying amounts of overtime at varying rates (subject to grade). The system will also need to track what treatments are required for which patients and when and it should be capable of calculating the cost of treatment per week for each patient (though it is currently unclear to what use this information will be put). How to cite Logical and Physical Data Models, Essay examples

Military Aviation Essays - Stealth Aircraft, Monoplanes,

Military Aviation Thesis: Military aircraft has become more sophisticated in variety, effectiveness in war situations, and special maneuvering techniques in recent years. Military aircraft has become more sophisticated in variety, effectiveness in war situations, and special maneuvering techniques in recent years. With the advance of stealth technology, many new and very effective aircraft have been developed. The F-117A was used during Operation Dessert Storm and every plane came back without a scratch. The very expensive B-2 stealth bomber has never been used in actual war, but during testing it was a success. The Advanced Tactical Fighter program was started to make an aircraft that could supercruise, the ability to cruise at supersonic speeds, and didn't cost very much. The YF-22 and YF-23 were the first planes to accomplish this. With all the planes we know of, there are also top secret programs probably going on right now. A new fighter that has never been heard of before has been spotted. As John Welch, the assistant secretary of Air Force said, "Stealth gives us back that fundamental element of war called surprise" (Goodall 9). After it was found that aircraft could be very useful in war, it was used for large scale reconnaissance. Then people started to add bombs to aircraft and then airplanes started to become an essence of war. After World War 2, new bombers were developed with fast speed, and could travel far distances. They could also carry nuclear bombs and missiles. The use of the bomber aircraft then led to the fighter, which was equipped with guns and missiles. Helicopters were also found to be good strike aircraft. They were armed with cannons, machine guns, rockets, torpedoes, and a variety of missiles. Vertical takeoff made the helicopter an advantage. The first flight of the F-117A was in June of 1981 in Groom Lake test facility. The total cost for the development of the F-117A was just under two billion dollars, but it only cost $43 million to make each plane. It became operational in October of 1983 and was the first operational stealth aircraft ever built. The F-117A is a night attack plane powered by two, nonafterburning General Electric engines. F-117As were designed for first-strike capabilities and to be able to fly into any countries airspace undetected. The primary task of the F-117A is to break through enemy airspace, destroy high value targets, and return back unharmed. They were considered to first be used in several different tasks, but weren't used until Operation Dessert Storm where they did an excellent job. As Donald Rice, Secretary of the Air Force, said, "Everyone now agrees the F-117 was a real bargain" (9). During Operation Dessert Storm the F-117As were found out to be very successful. The war began on January 16, 1991 when the F-117A fighters entered the Iraqi airspace on their way to downtown Baghdad. There were 43 of them over the skies of Iraq and not one was lost even though they went against one of the most modern air-defense systems in the world. Operation Dessert Storm was the largest aerial bombing attack in war history. It was also the first time a stealth aircraft was used as a main weapon. On the first day of Dessert Storm the Lockheed F-117As dropped sixty-two 2,000 pound bombs on Baghdad destroying the most critical targets of the Iraqi military, including the headquarters of the Iraqi air force. "We've seen that not only does stealth work, but that it puts fewer assets at risk and saves lives" (9), as Donald Rice said. The pilots of those F-117As flew through the hardest anti-aircraft missiles any pilot has ever flown through. When you think of stealth, most people probably think of B-2 stealth bomber, but most people don't realize that it hasn't even been used in a real war situation yet. In November of 1987 the Pentagon ordered the first four B-2s to be built for $2 billion. Each B-2 cost $437.4 million to build. After the military liked the bomber, they originally ordered 133 of them, then they cut back to 75 because of the deficit-reduction bill. Then, in 1992, the House of Representatives voted to buy only twenty, and later only 15 saying that 10 would be enough. With four General Electric engines with 19,000 pounds of thrust each, the B-2s were made to carry a lot of weight. The Advanced Technology Bomber, as it was called, was made so it couldn't be spotted by enemy radar. After testing it was found out that it is almost impossible to